Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre

Asipu Sivaprasadarao

Professor Asipu Sivaprasadarao

BSc, PhD 1987, Leeds.
Professor of Membrane Biology
Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology

Background: BSc, MSc (Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India); PhD (Leeds; Commonwealth Fellow); Professor of Membrane Biology

Office: Garstang G6.44d
Phone: +44(0) 113 34 34326
Email: a.sivaprasadarao@leeds.ac.uk

Centre membership: The Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre (MCRC)

You can read more about Professor Sivaprasadarao's interests here:
www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/Sivaprasadarao_A/

Research Interests

Ion channels: structure and cell biology

Ion channels are important signalling proteins responsible for the movement of ions across the cell membrane. By controlling the ion movement, they play a variety of roles in a wide spectrum of physiological processes, including nerve excitability, beating of the heart, muscle contraction and secretion of hormones. Commensurate with their role, any defects (e.g., through hereditary mutations) in their function or cell biology lead to disease states- examples include epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmia, myotonia, periodic paralysis and diabetes. For this reason, they represent an important class of drug target.

Our aim is to address the following key questions:

How do ion channels sense voltage? And, how does this lead to the opening and closing of channel gates?
How do channels traffic into, and out of, the cell membrane? And, how is trafficking affected in human diseases such as diabetes and cardiac arrhythmias?

To address these questions we use an integrated approach involving techniques in molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology, electrophysiology and in vivo approaches. By improving our understanding of how ion channels work at the molecular level, how their movement within a cell is regulated and how these functions are disrupted in a disease state, we hope to develop novel therapies (e.g. cell penetrating peptides and SiRNA). Ion channels of current interest include:

Kv channels including hERG (cardiac function)
K_ATP channels (insulin secretion)
TRPM2 (insulin secretion and beta cell survival)
Nav1.7 channels (pain)

Funding: We thank the Wellcome Trust, MRC, British heart Foundation, GSK, and Millipore for supporting our research.

Studentship information

Undergraduate project topics:

Development of cell penetrating peptides targeted to ion channels of clinical importance

Postgraduate studentship areas:

Kv channels including hERG (cardiac function)
KATP channels (insulin secretion)
TRPM2 (insulin secretion and beta cell survival)
Nav1.7 channels (pain)

Publications

Bradley HJ; Baldwin JM; Goli GR; Johnson B; Zou J; Sivaprasadarao A; Baldwin SA; Jiang L Residues 155 and 348 Contribute to the Determination of P2X(7) Receptor Function via Distinct Mechanisms Revealed by Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 286 8176-8187, 2011
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M110.211284

Yang W; Manna PT; Zou J; Luo J; Beech DJ; Sivaprasadarao A; Jiang L Zinc Inactivates Melastatin Transient Receptor Potential 2 Channels via the Outer Pore JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 286 23789-23798, 2011
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M111.247478

Manna PT; Smith AJ; Taneja TK; Howell GJ; Lippiat JD; Sivaprasadarao A Constitutive Endocytic Recycling and Protein Kinase C-mediated Lysosomal Degradation Control K-ATP Channel Surface Density JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 285 5963-5973, 2010
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M109.066902

Amer MS; Li J; Regan DO; Porter KE; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ TRANSLOCON CLOSURE TO CALCIUM LEAK IN PROLIFERATING VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 59 239-239, 2009

Taneja TK; Mankouri J; Karnik R; Kannan S; Smith AJ; Munsey T; Christesen HBT; Beech DJ; Sivaprasadarao A Sar1-GTPase-dependent ER exit of K-ATP channels revealed by a mutation causing congenital hyperinsulinism HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS 18 2400-2413, 2009
DOI:10.1093/hmg/ddp179

Amer MS; Li J; O'Regan DJ; Steele DS; Porter KE; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ Translocon closure to Ca2+ leak in proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY 296 H910-H916, 2009
DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.00984.2008

Elliott DJS; Dondas NY; Munsey TS; Sivaprasadarao A Movement of the S4 segment in the hERG potassium channel during membrane depolarization MOLECULAR MEMBRANE BIOLOGY 26 435-447, 2009
DOI:10.3109/09687680903321081

Carr R; Weinstock IA; Sivaprasadarao A; Mueller A; Aksimentiev A Synthetic Ion Channels via Self-Assembly: A Route for Embedding Porous Polyoxometalate Nanocapsules in Lipid Bilayer Membranes NANO LETTERS 8 3916-3921, 2008
DOI:10.1021/nl802366k

Smith AJ; Sivaprasadarao A Chemiluminescence assays to investigate membrane expression and clathrin-mediated endocytosis of KATP channels Methods in Molecular Biology 491 63-68, 2008

Xu S; Sukumar P; Zeng F; Li J; Jairaman A; English A; Naylor J; Ciurtin C; Majeed Y; Milligan CJ; Bahnasi YM; Al-Shawaf E; Porter KE; Jiang L; Emery P; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ TRPC channel activation by extracellular thioredoxin NATURE 451 69-U9, 2008
DOI:10.1038/nature06414

Smith AJ; Sivaprasadarao A Investigation of KATP channel endocytosis and cell surface density by biotinylation and western blotting Methods in Molecular Biology 491 79-89, 2008

Smith AJ; Sivaprasadarao A Investigation of KATP channel endocytosis by immunofluorescence Methods in Molecular Biology 491 69-77, 2008

Smith AJ; Taneja TK; Mankouri J; Sivaprasadarao A Molecular cell biology of KATP channels: Implications for neonatal diabetes Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 9 1-17, 2007

Neale EJ; Rang H; Cockcroft CJ; Sivaprasadarao A Water-accessible residues in the KvAP voltage sensor, 2007

Neale EJ; Rong H; Cockcroft CJ; Sivaprasadarao A Mapping the membrane-aqueous border for the voltage-sensing domain of a potassium channel JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 282 37597-37604, 2007
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M706437200

Sivaprasadarao A; Taneja TK; Mankouri J; Smith AJ Trafficking of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in health and disease BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS 35 1055-1059, 2007
DOI:10.1042/BST0351055

Smith AJ; Partridge CJ; Asipu A; Mair LA; Hunter M; Sivaprasadarao A Increased ATP-sensitive K+ channel expression during acute glucose deprivation BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 348 1123-1131, 2006
DOI:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.170

Mankouri J; Taneja TK; Smith AJ; Ponnambalam S; Sivaprasadarao A Kir6.2 mutations causing neonatal diabetes prevent endocytosis of ATP-sensitive potassium channels EMBO JOURNAL 25 4142-4151, 2006
DOI:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601275

Morton MJ; Abohamed A; Sivaprasadarao A; Hunter M pH sensing in the two-pore domain K+ channel, TASK2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 102 16102-16106, 2005
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0506870102

O'Connell AD; Morton MJ; Sivaprasadarao A; Hunter M Selectivity and interactions of Ba2+ and Cs+ with wild-type and mutant TASK1 K+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 562 687-696, 2005
DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.079020

Hussain K; Cosgrove KE; Shepherd RM; Luharia A; Smith VV; Kassem S; Gregory JW; Sivaprasadarao A; Christesen HT; Jacobsen BB; Brusgaard K; Glaser B; Maher EA; Lindley KJ; Hindmarsh P; Dattani M; Dunne MJ Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome due to defects in the function of pancreatic beta-cell adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY&METABOLISM 90 4376-4382, 2005
DOI:10.1210/jc.2005-0158

Xu SZ; Zeng F; Lei M; Li J; Gao B; Xiong CL; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ Generation of functional ion-channel tools by E3 targeting NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY 23 1289-1293, 2005
DOI:10.1038/nbt1148

Mankouri J; Christesen HBT; Ivarsson SA; Smith AJ; Brusgaard K; Brock-Jacobsen B; Sivaprasadarao A Identification and analysis of two novel Kir6.2 mutations which cause congenital hyperinsulinism, 2005

Morton MJ; Chipperfield S; Abohamed A; Sivaprasadarao A; Hunter M Na(+)-induced inward rectification in the two-pore domain K(+) channel, TASK-2 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-RENAL PHYSIOLOGY 288 F162-F169, 2005
DOI:10.1152/ajprenal.00248.2004

Xu SZ; McHugh D; Zeng F; Flemming R; Jackson PK; Mair L; Boulay G; Shah S; Munsch C; Kingston PA; Heagerty A; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ Antibody to the predicted outer pore of TRPC5 ablates a store-operated cationic channel, 2004

Fountain SJ; Cheong A; Flemming R; Mair L; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ Functional up-regulation of KCNA gene family expression in murine mesenteric resistance artery smooth muscle. J Physiol 556 29-42, 2004
DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.058594

Elliott DJ; Neale EJ; Bannister JPA; Wray D; Hunter M; Sivaprasadarao A Opposing effects of hydrophobic and ionic forces on the mobility of S4 of the Shaker potassium channel, 2004

Elliott DJS; Neale EJ; Aziz Q; Dunham JP; Munsey TS; Hunter M; Sivaprasadarao A Molecular mechanism of voltage sensor movements in a potassium channel EMBO JOURNAL 23 4717-4726, 2004
DOI:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600484

Fountain SJ; Cheong A; Flemming R; Mair L; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ Functional up-regulation of KCNA gene family expression in murine mesenteric resistance artery smooth muscle, 2004

Fountain SJ; Cheong A; Flemming R; Mair L; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ Functional up-regulation of KCNA gene family expression in murine mesenteric resistance artery smooth muscle JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 556 29-42, 2004
DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.058594

Smith AJ; Mair LA; Ponnambalam S; Sivaprasadarao A Trafficking and functional defects associated with genetic mutations in the Kir6.2 subunit of K-ATP channels, 2004

Neale EJ; Elliott DJS; Hunter M; Sivaprasadarao A Evidence for intersubunit interactions between S4 and S5 transmembrane segments of the Shaker potassium channel JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 278 29079-29085, 2003
DOI:10.1074/M301991200/6493

Xu SZ; McHugh D; Zeng F; Shah S; Munsch C; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ TRPC5 expression and heteromultimerisation in human vascular smooth muscle cells, 2003

Neale EJ; Elliott DJS; Hunter M; Sivaprasadarao A The extracellular ends of S4 and S5 in the Shaker K channel are in close proximity., 2003

Neale EJ; Elliott DJS; Hunter M; Sivaprasadarao A Evidence for intersubunit interactions between S4 and S5 transmembrane segments of the shaker potassium channel Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 29079-29085, 2003

Cobbold C; Monaco AP; Sivaprasadarao A; Ponnambalam S Aberrant trafficking of transmembrane proteins in human disease TRENDS IN CELL BIOLOGY 13 639-647, 2003
DOI:10.1016/j.tcb.2003.10.008

Fountain SJ; Cheong A; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ K+ channel gene expression profiling in murine aorta by real-time RT-PCR, 2003

Morton MJ; O'Connell AD; Sivaprasadarao A; Hunter M Determinants of pH sensing in the two-pore domain K+ channels TASK-1 and-2 PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 445 577-583, 2003
DOI:10.1007/s00424-002-0901-2

Munsey TS; Mohindra A; Yusaf SP; Grainge A; Wang MH; Wray D; Sivaprasadarao A Functional properties of Kch, a prokaryotic homologue of eukaryotic potassium channels BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 297 10-16, 2002
DOI:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02095-8

Claydon TW; Boyett MR; Sivaprasadarao A; Orchard CH Two pore residues mediate acidosis-induced enhancement of C-type inactivation of the Kv1.4 K+ channel AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY 283 C1114-C1121, 2002
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.00542.2001

Morton MJ; O'Connell AD; Garside E; Sivaprasadarao A; Hunter M pH sensing in the two-pore domain K+ channel TASK2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 539 16P-17P, 2002

Elliott DJS; Neale EJ; Aziz Q; Munsey TS; Hunter M; Sivaprasadarao A Identification of a face of the S4 helix that contributes to the stabilisation of the activated state of the Shaker potassium channel, 2002

Fountain SJ; Quinton ND; Cheong A; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ Real-time RT-PCR analysis of K(V)1 channel gene expression in mouse aorta, 2002

Hough E; Mair L; Mackenzie W; Sivaprasadarao A Expression, purification, and evidence for the interaction of the two nucleotide-binding folds of the sulphonylurea receptor BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 294 191-197, 2002
DOI:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00454-0

O'Connell AD; Morton MJ; Sivaprasadarao A; Hunter M Barium sensitivity of TASK-1 (KCNK-3) mutants expressed in Xenopus oocytes JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 539 16P-16P, 2002

Smith AJ; Partridge CJ; Mair LA; Sivaprasadarao A Glucose induces acute changes in the expression of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the pancreatic beta-cell line INS-1, 2002

Xu SZ; McHugh D; Zeng F; Shah S; Munsch C; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ TRPC5 is a glycosylated protein that is expressed and associated with TRPC1 in human blood vessels, 2002

Neale EJ; Elliott DJS; Hunter M; Sivaprasadarao A Evidence for-the dose proximity of the extracellular ends of the S4 and S5 segments of the Shaker potassium channel, 2002

Sundaram M; van Aalten DMF; Findlay JBC; Sivaprasadarao A The transfer of transthyretin and receptor-binding properties from the plasma retinol-binding protein to the epididymal retinoic acid-binding protein BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 362 265-271, 2002
DOI:10.1042/0264-6021:3620265

Aziz QH; Partridge CJ; Munsey TS; Sivaprasadarao A Depolarization induces intersubunit cross-linking in a S4 cysteine mutant of the shaker potassium channel JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 277 42719-42725, 2002
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M207258200

Partridge CJ; Beech DJ; Sivaprasadarao A Identification and pharmacological correction of a membrane trafficking defect associated with a mutation causing familial hyperinsulinism, 2001

Aziz QH; Partridge CJ; Hunter M; Sivaprasadarao A Engineered disulphides between the S4 segments of the Shaker potassium channel stabilises the open conformational state BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL 80 218A-218A, 2001

Claydon TW; Boyett MR; Sivaprasadarao A; Leach R; Orchard CH Modification of an extracellular residue by MTSET mimics the effect of acidosis on the Kv1.4 K+ channel BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL 80 443A-444A, 2001

Partridge CJ; Beech DJ; Sivaprasadarao A Identification and pharmacological correction of a membrane trafficking defect associated with a mutation in the sulfonylurea receptor causing familial hyperinsulinism JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 276 35947-35952, 2001
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M104762200

Smith JA; Sivaprasadarao A; Munsey TS; Bowmer CJ; Yates MS Immunolocalisation of adenosine A(1) receptors in the rat kidney BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY 61 237-244, 2001
DOI:10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00532-3

Claydon TW; Boyett MR; Sivaprasadarao A; Ishii K; Owen JM; O'Beirne HA; Leach R; Komukai K; Orchard CH Inhibition of the K+ channel Kv1.4 by acidosis: protonation of an extracellular histidine slows the recovery from N-type inactivation JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 526 253-264, 2000
DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00253.x

Hough E; Beech DJ; Sivaprasadarao A Identification of molecular regions responsible for the membrane trafficking of Kir6.2 PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 440 481-487, 2000
DOI:10.1007/s004240000311

Wang MH; Yusaf SP; Elliott DJS; Wray D; Sivaprasadarao A Effect of cysteine substitutions on the topology of the S4 segment of the Shaker potassium channel: implications for molecular models of gating JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 521 315-326, 1999
DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.00315.x

Bannister JPA; Young BA; Sivaprasadarao A; Wray D Conserved extracellular cysteine residues in the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir2.3 are required for function but not expression in the membrane FEBS LETTERS 458 393-399, 1999
DOI:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01096-0

Surah-Narwal S; Xu SZ; McHugh D; McDonald RL; Hough E; Cheong A; Partridge C; Sivaprasadarao A; Beech DJ Block of human aorta Kir6.1 by the vascular K-ATP channel inhibitor U37883A BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 128 667-672, 1999
DOI:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702862

Bannister JPA; Young BA; Main MJ; Sivaprasadarao A; Wray D The effects of oxidizing and cysteine-reactive reagents on the inward rectifier potassium channels Kir2.3 and Kir1.1 PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 438 868-878, 1999
DOI:10.1007/s004240051118

Morton MJ; Sivaprasadarao A; Bowmer CJ; Yates MS Adenosine receptor mRNA levels during postnatal renal maturation in the rat JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY 50 649-654, 1998

Sundaram M; Sivaprasadarao A; DeSousa MM; Findlay JBC The transfer of retinol from serum retinol-binding protein to cellular retinol-binding protein is mediated by a membrane receptor JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 273 3336-3342, 1998
DOI:10.1074/jbc.273.6.3336

Sundaram M; Sivaprasadarao A; Findlay JB Expression and mutagenesis of retinol-binding protein. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 89 141-153, 1998

Sivaprasadarao A; Sundaram M; Findlay JB Interactions of retinol-binding protein with transthyretin and its receptor. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 89 155-163, 1998

Sundaram M; Sivaprasadarao A; Van Aalten DMF; Findlay JBC Expression, characterization and engineered specificity of rat epididymal retinoic acid-binding protein BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 334 155-160, 1998

Gould J; Morton MJ; Sivaprasadarao A; Bowmer CJ; Yates MS Renal adenosine A(1) receptor binding characteristics and mRNA levels during the development of acute renal failure in the rat BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 120 947-953, 1997
DOI:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700980

Yusaf SP; Beech DJ; Wray D; Sivaprasadarao A Evidence for voltage-dependent S4 movement in potassium channels, 1996

Yusaf SP; Wray D; Sivaprasadarao A Measurement of the movement of the S4 segment during the activation of a voltage-gated potassium channel PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 433 91-97, 1996
DOI:10.1007/s004240050253

Jones PC; Sivaprasadarao A; Wray D; Findlay JBC A method for determining transmembrane protein structure MOLECULAR MEMBRANE BIOLOGY 13 53-60, 1996

Boudjelal M; Sivaprasadarao A; Findlay JBC Membrane receptor for odour-binding proteins BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 317 23-27, 1996

Sivaprasadarao A; Wray D; Findlay JBC The transmembrane structure of IsK potassium channel Biochemical Society Transactions 24 -, 1996

CARNE A; MCGREGOR R; BHATIA J; SIVAPRASADARAO A; KEEN J; DAVIES A; FINDLAY J A BETA-SUBCLASS PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-SPECIFIC PHOSPHOLIPASE-C FROM SQUID (LOLIGO-FORBESI) PHOTORECEPTORS EXHIBITING A TRUNCATED C-TERMINUS FEBS LETTERS 372 243-248, 1995
DOI:10.1016/0014-5793(95)00936-4

WILSON G; SIVAPRASADARAO A; FINDLAY J; WRAY D CHANGES IN ACTIVATION GATING OF I-SK POTASSIUM CURRENTS BROUGHT ABOUT BY MUTATIONS IN THE TRANSMEMBRANE SEQUENCE FEBS LETTERS 353 251-254, 1994
DOI:10.1016/0014-5793(94)01058-7

WILSON G; ONEILL C; SIVAPRASADARAO A; FINDLAY J; WRAY D MODULATION BY PROTEIN-KINASE-A OF A CLONED RAT-BRAIN POTASSIUM CHANNEL EXPRESSED IN XENOPUS-OOCYTES PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 428 186-193, 1994
DOI:10.1007/BF00374857

SIVAPRASADARAO A; FINDLAY J STRUCTURE-FUNCTION STUDIES ON HUMAN RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN USING SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 300 437-442, 1994

SIVAPRASADARAO A; BOUDJELAL M; FINDLAY J SOLUBILIZATION AND PURIFICATION OF THE RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN-RECEPTOR FROM HUMAN PLACENTAL MEMBRANES BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 302 245-251, 1994

SIVAPRASADARAO A; BOUDJELAL M; FINDLAY J LIPOCALIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS 21 619-622, 1993

SIVAPRASADARAO A; FINDLAY J EXPRESSION OF FUNCTIONAL HUMAN RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN IN ESCHERICHIA-COLI USING A SECRETION VECTOR BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 296 209-215, 1993

SIVAPRASADARAO A; FINDLAY J THE INTERACTION OF RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN WITH ITS PLASMA-MEMBRANE RECEPTOR BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 255 561-569, 1988

SIVAPRASADARAO A; FINDLAY J THE MECHANISM OF UPTAKE OF RETINOL BY PLASMA-MEMBRANE VESICLES BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 255 571-579, 1988

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